Re: Cherche variété a haute teneur en THC-V
Publié : 14 juil. 2012, 11:38
par Exo-plank#1
Bonjour
Je vais pas rentrer dans les détails, mais c'est une réaction chimique de base.
Sinon, tu peux également augmenter artificiellement le contenu en THC-v d'une variété, car contrairement au THC qui est produit par la THC-A synthétase (une enzyme), le THC-V est produit à partir d'un polykétide C10 + du "Censored". En rajoutant du "censored" en pulvérisation, tu augmente le taux de THC-v, jusqu’à la limitation biochimique de la plante, aux alentour de 1.5%.
La réaction chimique de la décarboxylation du THC s'écrit :
C21H30O2 + 3 O2 (atmosphérique)=> (150°C/30min)=> C19H26O2 + 2 CO2+ 2 H2O
Cordialement...
Ps :
Référence classification chimique des cannabinoïdes
1. Mechoulam, R. and Gaoni, Y. (1967) Recent advances in the chemistry of hashish.
Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 25, 175–213.
2. Ward, A. and Holmes, B. (1985) Nabilone. A preliminary review of its pharmacological
properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 30, 127–144.
3. Mechoulam, R., Lander, N., Breuer, A., and Zahalka, J. (1990) Synthesis of the individual,
pharmacologically distinct, enantiomers of a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative. Tetrahedron
Asymmetry 1, 315–318.
4. Burstein, S. H., Audette, C. A., Breuer, A., et al. (1992) Synthetic nonpsychotropic cannabinoids
with potent antiinflammatory, analgesic, and leukocyte antiadhesion activities.
J. Med. Chem. 35, 3135–3141.
5. Di Marzo, V. and Fontana, A. (1995) Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinomimetic
eicosanoid: ‘killing two birds with one stone’. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids
53, 1–11.
6. Devane, W. A., Hanus, L., Breuer, A., et al. (1992) Isolation and structure of a brain
constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258, 1946–1949.
7. Pate, D. (1999) Anandamide structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action
on intraocular pressure in the normotensive rabbit model, PhD thesis, University of
Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
8. Turner, C. E., Elsohly, M. A., and Boeren, E. G. (1980) Constituents of Cannabis sativa
L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J. Nat. Prod. 43, 169–234.
9. Ross, S. A. and ElSohly, M. A. (1995) Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XXVIII—A
review of the natural constituents: 1980–1994. Zagazig J. Pharm. Sci. 4, 1–10.
10. ElSohly, M. (2002) Chemical constituents of Cannabis, in Cannabis and cannabinoids—
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential (Grotenhermen, F. and Russo, E.,
eds.), Haworth Press, New York, pp. 27–36.
11. Gaoni, Y. and Mechoulam, R. (1964) The structure and synthesis of cannabigerol, a new
hashish constituent, in Proc. Chem. Soc., London, p. 82.
12. Shoyama, Y., Yagi, M., Nishioka, I., and Yamauchi, T. (1975) Biosynthesis of cannabinoid
acids. Phytochemistry 14, 2189–2192.
13. Adams, R., Hunt, M., and Clark, J. (1940) Structure of cannabidiol, a product isolated
from the marihuana extract of Minnesota wild hemp. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 196–199.
14. Mechoulam, R. and Shvo, Y. (1963) Hashish—I. The structure of cannabidiol. Tetrahedron
19, 2073–2078.
15. Wollner, H., Matchett, J., Levine, J., and Loewe, S. (1942) Isolation of a physiologically
active tetrahydrocannabinol from Cannabis sativa resin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 26–29.
16. Gaoni, Y. and Mechoulam, R. (1964) Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active
constituent of hashish. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 1646–1647.
17. Wood, T., Spivey, W., and Easterfield, T. (1896) XL. Charas. The resin of Indian hemp.
J. Chem. Soc. 69, 539.
18. Adams, R., Baker, B., and Wearn, R. (1940) Structure of cannabinol III. Synthesis of
cannabinol, 1-hydroxy-3-n-amyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-6-dibenzopyran. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62,
2204–2207.
19. ElSohly, M., Ross, S., Mehmedic, Z., Arafat, R., Yi, B., and Banahan, B.F., 3rd (2000)
Potency trends of delta-9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated marijuana from
1980–1997. J. Forens. Sci. 45, 24–30.
20. Brenneisen, R. (1986) The cannabinoid content in Cannabis products confiscated in Switzerland.
Arch. Kriminol. 177, 95–104.
21. Brenneisen, R. and Meyer, P. Swiss Cannabis Profiling Project, University of Bern and
Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (unpublished data).
22. Miller Coyle, H., Palmbach, T., Juliano, N., Ladd, C., and Lee, H. C. (2003) An overview
of DNA methods for the identification and individualization of marijuana. Croat. Med. J.
44, 315–321.
23. ElSohly, M. (2003) Practical challenges to positive drug tests for marijuana. Clin. Chem.
49, 1037–1038.
24. Leson, G., Pless, P., Grotenhermen, F., Kalant, H., and ElSohly, M. A. (2001) Evaluating the
impact of hemp food consumption on workplace drug tests. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25, 691–698.
25. Ross, S. A., Mehmedic, Z., Murphy, T. P., and Elsohly, M. A. (2000) GC-MS analysis of
the total delta9-THC content of both drug- and fiber-type cannabis seeds. J. Anal. Toxicol.
24, 715–717.
26. Bosy, T. Z. and Cole, K. A. (2000) Consumption and quantitation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
in commercially available hemp seed oil products. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24, 562–6.
27. Mediavilla, V., Derungs, R., Känzig, A., and Mägert, A. (1997) Qualität von Hanfsamenöl
aus der Schweiz. Agrarforschung 4, 449–451.
28. Lehmann, T., Sager, F., and Brenneisen, R. (1997) Excretion of cannabinoids in urine
after ingestion of cannabis seed oil. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21, 373–375.
29. Mediavilla, V. and Steinemann, S. (1997) Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains. J.
Int. Hemp Assoc. 4, 80–82.
30. Meier, C. and Mediavilla, V. (1998) Factors influencing the yield and the quality of hemp
(Cannabis sativa L.) essential oil. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 5, 16–20.
31. Lehmann, T. (1995) Chemical profiling of Cannabis sativa L., PhD thesis, University of
Bern, Dep. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
32. Ross, S.A. and ElSohly, M. A. (1996) The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried
buds of Cannabis sativa. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 49–51.
33. Novak, J., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Deans, S. G., and Franz, C. M. (2001) Essential oils of
different cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. and their antimicrobial activity. Flavour Fragr.
J. 16, 259–262.
34. McPartland, J. M. and Russo, E. B. (2001) Cannabis and cannabis extracts: greater than
the sum of their parts? J. Cann. Therap. 1, 103–132.
35. Hendriks, H., Malingré, T. M., Batterman, S., and Bos, R. (1977) Alkanes of the essential
oil of Cannabis sativa. Phytochemistry 16, 719–721.
36. McPartland, J. and Mediavilla, V. (2002) Noncannabinoid components, in Cannabis and
Cannabinoids—Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential (Grotenhermen,
F., and Russo, E., eds.), Haworth Press, New York, pp. 401–409.
37. Vanhoenacker, G., Van Rompaey, P., De Keukeleire, D., and Sandra, P. (2002) Chemotaxonomic
features associated with flavonoids of cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa
subsp. sativa L.) in relation to hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Nat. Prod. Lett. 16, 57–63.
38. Barrett, M. L., Scutt, A. M., and Evans, F. J. (1986) Cannflavin A and B, prenylated
flavones from Cannabis sativa L. Experientia 42, 452–453.
39. Barrett, M. L., Gordon, D., and Evans, F. J. (1985) Isolation from Cannabis sativa L. of
cannflavin—a novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34,
2019–2024.
40. Leson, G., Pless, P., and Roulac, J. (1999) Hemp Foods and Oils for Health, Hemptech,
Sebastopol, CA.
41. Ross, S., ElSohly, H., ElKashoury, E., and ElSohly, M. (1996) Fatty acids of cannabis
seeds. Phytochem. Anal. 7, 279–283.
42. Grotenhermen, F. (2002) Effects of Cannabis and the cannabinoids, in Cannabis and
Cannabinoids—Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential (Grotenhermen,
F. and Russo, E., eds.), Haworth Press, New York, pp. 55–65.
43. Grotenhermen, F. and Russo, E. (eds.) (2002) Cannabis and Cannabinoids—Pharmacology,
Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential, Haworth Press, New York, p. 439.
44. Iversen, L. (2003) Cannabis and the brain. Brain 126, 1252–1270.
45. Croxford, J. L. (2003) Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease. CNS Drugs
17, 179–202.
46. Kumar, R., Chambers, W., and Pertwee, R. G. (2001) Pharmacological actions and therapeutic
uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Anaesthesia 56, 1059–68.
47. Hirst, R. A., Lambert, D. G., and Notcutt, W. G. (1998) Pharmacology and potential
therapeutic uses of cannabis. Br. J. Anaesth. 81, 77–84.
48. Ashton, C. H. (1999) Adverse effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Br. J. Anaesth. 83,
637–49.
49. Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J. (2000) Cannabinoids in clinical practice. Drugs 60,
1303–1314.
50. Campbell, F. A., Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Reynolds, D. J., Moore, R. A., and McQuay,
H. J. (2001) Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management
of pain? A qualitative systematic review. Br. Med. J. 323, 13–16.
51. Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Campbell, F. A., Reynolds, D. J., Moore, R. A., and McQuay,
H. J. (2001) Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting:
quantitative systematic review. Br. Med. J. 323, 16–21.
52. Walker, J. M. and Huang, S. M. (2002) Cannabinoid analgesia. Pharmacol. Ther. 95,
127–135.
53. Voth, E. A. and Schwartz, R. H. (1997) Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
and marijuana. Ann. Int. Med. 126, 791–798.
54. McPartland, J. M. and Pruitt, P. L. (1999) Side effects of pharmaceuticals not elicited by
comparable herbal medicines: the case of tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana. Altern.
Ther. 5, 57–62.
55. Wachtel, S. R., ElSohly, M. A., Ross, S. A., Ambre, J., and de Wit, H. (2002) Comparison
of the subjective effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans.
Psychopharmacology 161, 331–339.
56. Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., and Fischman, M. W.
(2002) Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans.
Psychopharmacology 164, 407–415.
57. Mechoulam, R., Parker, L. A., and Gallily, R. (2002) Cannabidiol: an overview of some
pharmacological aspects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42, 11S–19S.
58. Consroe, P. (1998) Brain cannabinoid systems as targets for the therapy of neurological
disorders. Neurobiol. Dis. 5, 534–551.
59. Bornheim, L. M., Kim, K. Y., Li, J., Perotti, B. Y., and Benet, L. Z. (1995) Effect of
cannabidiol pretreatment on the kinetics of tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in mouse
brain. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23, 825–831.
60. Meschler, J. P. and Howlett, A. C. (1999) Thujone exhibits low affinity for cannabinoid
receptors but fails to evoke cannabimimetic responses. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 62,
473–480.
61. Russo, E. (2001) Hemp for headache: an in-depth historical and scientific review of cannabis
in migraine treatment. J. Cann. Ther. 1, 21–92.
62. Salgueiro, J. B., Ardenghi, P., Dias, M., Ferreira, M. B., Izquierdo, I., and Medina, J. H.
(1997) Anxiolytic natural and synthetic flavonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine
receptor have no effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58, 887–
891.
63. Mitosinka, G. T., Thornton, J. I., and Hayes, T. L. (1972) The examination of cystolithic
hairs of Cannabis and other plants by means of the scanning electron microscope. J.
Forens. Sci. Soc. 12, 521–529.
64. Thornton, J. I. and Nakamura, G. R. (1972) The identification of marijuana. J. Forens.
Sci. Soc. 12, 461–519.
65. Gigliano, G. (2001) Cannabis sativa L.—botanical problems and molecular approaches
in forensic investigations. Forens. Sci. Rev. 13, 2–17.
66. Stearn, W. T. (1970) The Cannabis plant: botanical characteristics, in The Botany &
Chemistry of Cannabis (Joyce, C. and Curry, S., eds.), J. & A. Churchill, London, p. 1.
67. Nordal, A. (1970) Microscopic detection of Cannabis in the pure state and in semi-combusted
residues, in The Botany & Chemistry of Cannabis (Joyce, C. and Curry, S., eds.),
J. & A. Churchill, London, pp. 61–68.
68. Petri, G., Oroszlan, P., and Fridvalszky, L. (1988) Histochemical detection of hemp trichomes
and their correlation with the THC content. Acta Biol. Hung. 39, 59–73.
69. Bruni, A., Barni Comparini, I., and Menziani Andreoli, E. (1983) A histofluorescent procedure
for identifying marijuana cannabinoids. Experientia 39, 886–888.
70. United Nations (1987) Recommended Methods for Testing Cannabis, ST/NAR/8, Division
of Narcotic Drugs, United Nations, New York.
71. Bailey, K. (1979) The value of the Duquenois test for cannabis—a survey. J. Forens. Sci.
24, 817–841.
72. Butler, W. (1962) Duquenois-Levine test for marijuana. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 45,
597–600.
73. Tewari, S. N. and Sharma, J. D. (1982) Spot tests for cannabis materials. Bull. Narc. 34,
109–112.
74. Pitt, C. G., Hendron, R. W., and Hsia, R. S. (1972) The specificity of the Duquenois color
test for marihuana and hashish. J. Forens. Sci. 17, 693–700.
75. Mali, B. D. and Parulekar, P. P. (1988) Diazotized dapsone as a reagent for the detection
of cannabinoids on thin-layer chromatographic plates. J. Chromatogr. 457, 383–386.
76. Baker, P. B., Gough, T. A., and Taylor, B. J. (1980) Illicitly imported Cannabis products:
some physical and chemical features indicative of their origin. Bull. Narc. 32, 31–40.
77. Debruyne, D., Albessard, F., Bigot, M. C., and Moulin, M. (1994) Comparison of three
advanced chromatographic techniques for cannabis identification. Bull. Narc. 46, 109–
121.
78. Pothier, J., Galand, N., and Viel, C. (1992) Rapid characterization of stupefacient and
toxic substances by pressurized thin-layer chromatography. J. Toxicol. Clin. Exp. 12,
495–501.
79. Oroszlan, P., Verzar-Petri, G., Mincsovics, E., and Szekely, T. (1987) Separation,
quantitation and isolation of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. by overpressured layer
chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 388, 217–224.
80. Ferioli, V., Rustichelli, C., Pavesi, G., and Gamberini, G. (2000) Analytical
characterisation of hashish samples. Chromatographia 52, 39–44.
81. Debruyne, D., Moulin, M., Bigot, M. C., and Camsonne, R. (1981) Identification and
differentiation of resinous cannabis and textile cannabis: combined use of HPLC and
high-resolution GLC. Bull. Narc. 33, 49–58.
82. Tsatsakis, A. M., Tutudaki, M., Stiakakis, I., Dimopoulou, M., Tzatzarakis, M., and
Michalodimitrakis, M. (2000) Characterisation of cannabis plants phenotypes from illegal
cultivations in Crete. Boll. Chim. Farm. 139, 140–145.
83. Ross, S. A. and ElSohly, M. A. (1996) The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried
buds of Cannabis sativa. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 49–51.
84. Barni Comparini, I. and Centini, F. (1983) Packed column chromatography, high-resolution
gas-chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography in comparison for the
analysis of cannabis constituents. Forens. Sci. Int. 21, 129–137.
85. Harvey, D. J. (1990) Stability of cannabinoids in dried samples of cannabis dating from
around 1896–1905. J. Ethnopharmacol. 28, 117–128.
86. Turner, C. E., Bouwsma, O. J., Billets, S., and Elsohly, M. A. (1980) Constituents of
Cannabis sativa L. XVIII—Electron voltage selected ion monitoring study of cannabinoids.
Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 7, 247–256.
87. Brenneisen, R. and ElSohly, M. A. (1988) Chromatographic and spectroscopic profiles
of Cannabis of different origins: Part I. J. Forens. Sci. 33, 1385–1404.
88. Bosy, T. Z. and Cole, K. A. (2000) Consumption and quantitation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
in commercially available hemp seed oil products. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24, 562–566.
89. Lercker, G., Bocci, F., Frega, N., and Bortolomeazzi, R. (1992) Cannabinoid acids analysis.
Farmaco 47, 367–378.
90. Vree, T. B. (1977) Mass spectrometry of cannabinoids. J. Pharm. Sci. 66, 1444–1450.
91. Novotny, M., Lee, M. L., Low, C. E., and Raymond, A. (1976) Analysis of marijuana
samples from different origins by high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography for forensic
application. Anal. Chem. 48, 24–29.
92. Raharjo, T. J. and Verpoorte, R. (2004) Methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in biological
materials: a review. Phytochem. Anal. 15, 79–94.
93. Lehmann, T. and Brenneisen, R. (1995) High performance liquid chromatographic profiling
of Cannabis products. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 18, 689–700.
94. Barni Comparini, I. and Centini, F. (1983) Packed column chromatography, high-resolution
gas-chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography in comparison for the
analysis of cannabis constituents. Forens. Sci. Int. 21, 129–37.
95. Zoller, O., Rhyn, P., and Zimmerli, B. (2000) High-performance liquid chromatographic
determination of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the corresponding acid in hemp containing
foods with special regard to the fluorescence properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
J. Chromatogr. A 872, 101–110.
96. Baker, P. B., Gough, T. A., and Wagstaffe, P. J. (1983) Determination of the distribution
of cannabinoids in cannabis resin from Morocco using high-performance liquid chromatography.
Part II. J. Anal. Toxicol. 7, 7–10.
97. Baker, P. B., Taylor, B. J., and Gough, T. A. (1981) The tetrahydrocannabinol and
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid content of cannabis products. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 33, 369–
372.
98. McDonald, P. A. and Gough, T. A. (1984) Determination of the distribution of cannabinoids
in cannabis resin from the Lebanon using HPLC. Part III. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 22,
282–284.
99. Brenneisen, R. (1984) Psychotropic drugs. II. Determination of cannabinoids in Cannabis
sativa L. and in cannabis products with high pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC). Pharm. Acta Helv. 59, 247–259.
100. Rustichelli, C., Ferioli, V., Baraldi, M., Zanoli, P., and Gamberini, G. (1998) Analysis of
cannabinoids in fiber hemp plant varieties (Cannabis sativa) by high-performance liquid
chromatography. Chromatographia 48, 215–222.
101. Baker, P. B., Fowler, R., Bagon, K. R., and Gough, T. A. (1980) Determination of the
distribution of cannabinoids in cannabis resin using high performance liquid chromatography.
J. Anal. Toxicol. 4, 145–152.
102. Nakahara, Y. and Tanaka, K. (1988) Studies on discrimination of confiscated cannabis
products by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector. Eisei
Shikenjo Hokoku, Bulletin of National Institute of Hygenic Sciences, pp.11–18.
103. Rustichelli, C., Ferioli, V., Vezzalini, F., Rossi, M. C., and Gamberini, G. (1996) Simultaneous
separation and identification of hashish constituents by coupled liquid chromatography-
mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Chromatographia 43, 129–134.
104. Lurie, I. S., Meyers, R. P., and Conver, T. S. (1998) Capillary electrochromatography of
cannabinoids. Anal. Chem. 70, 3255–3260.
105. Backstrom, B., Cole, M. D., Carrott, M. J., Jones, D. C., Davidson, G., and Coleman, K.
(1997) A preliminary study of the analysis of Cannabis by supercritical fluid chromatography
with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectroscopic detection. Sci.
Justice 37, 91–97.
106. Miller Coyle, H., Ladd, C., Palmbach, T., and Lee, H. C. (2001) The green revolution:
botanical contributions to forensics and drug enforcement. Croat. Med. J. 42, 340–345.
107. Miller Coyle, H., Palmbach, T., Juliano, N., Ladd, C., and Lee, H. C. (2003) An overview
of DNA methods for the identification and individualization of marijuana. Croat. Med. J.
44, 315–321.
108. Cole, M. D. and Linacre, A. M. T. (2002) The identification of controlled plant drugs
using phytochemistry and DNA. Curr. Topics Phytochem. 5, 129–140.
109. Linacre, A. and Thorpe, J. (1998) Detection and identification of cannabis by DNA.
Forens. Sci. Int. 91, 71–76.
110. Siniscalco Gigliano, G., Caputo, P., and Cozzolino, S. (1997) Ribosomal DNA analysis
as a tool for the identification of Cannabis sativa L. specimens of forensic interest. Sci.
Justice 37, 171–174.
111. Gillan, R., Cole, M., Linacre, A., Thorpe, J. W., and Watson, N. D. (1995) Comparison of
Cannabis sativa by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and HPLC of
cannabinoids: a preliminary study. Sci. Justice 35, 169–177.
112. Miller Coyle, H., Sutler, G., Abrams, S., et al. (2003) A simple DNA extraction method
for Marijuana samples used in amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis.
J. Forens. Sci. 48, 343–347.
113. Hsieh, H. M., Hou, R. J., Tsai, L. C., et al. (2003) A highly polymorphic STR locus in
Cannabis sativa. Forens. Sci. Int. 131, 53–58.
114. Gilmore, S., Peakall, R., and Robertson, J. (2003) Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers
are hypervariable and informative in Cannabis sativa: implications for forensic investigations.
Forens. Sci. Int. 131, 65–74.
115. Kojoma, M., Iida, O., Makino, Y., Sekita, S., and Satake, M. (2002) DNA fingerprinting
of Cannabis sativa using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification. Planta Med.
68, 60–63.
116. Gigliano, G. (1998) Identification of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) using restriction
profiles of the Internal Transcribed Spacer II (ITS2). Sci. Justice 38, 225–230.
117. Alghanim, H. J. and Almirall, J. R. (2003) Development of microsatellite markers in
Cannabis sativa for DNA typing and genetic relatedness analyses. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
376, 1225–1233.
Reference sur la voie de synthèse :
1. Clarke, R. C. (1981) Marijuana Botany, Berkeley: Ronin Publishing.
2. Mandolino, G. and Ranalli, P. (1999) Advances in biotechnological approaches for hemp
breeding and industry, in Advances in Hemp Research. (Ranalli, P. ,ed.), Haworth Press,
New York, pp. 185–211.
3. Hong, S., Song, S-J., and Clarke, R. C. (2003) Female-associated DNA polymorphisms of
hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) J. Indust. Hemp 1, 5–9.
4. Small, E. and Antle, T. (2003) A preliminary study of pollen dispersal in Cannabis sativa
in relation to wind direction. J. Indust. Hemp 8, 37–50.
5. Deferne, J-L. and Pate, D. W. (1996) Hemp seed oil: a source of valuable essential fatty
acids. J. Int.Hemp Assoc. 3, 1, 4–7.
Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medicines 15
6. Grigoriev, O. V. (2002) Application of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil in treatment of
ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders. J. Indust. Hemp 7, 5–15.
7. Meier, C. and Mediavilla, V. (1998) Factors influencing the yield and the quality of hemp
(Cannabis sativa L.) essential oil. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 5, 16–20.
8. Liu, Y. and Tang, X. (1984) Green seedling of hemp acquired by tissue culture. China’s
Fibre Crops 2, 19, 29 [in Chinese].
9. Hendriks, H., Malingre, T. M., Batterman, S., and Bos, R. (1978) The essential oil of Cannabis
sativa L. Pharm. Weekbl. 113, 413–424.
10. Ross, R. A. and ElSohly, M. A. (1996) The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried
buds of Cannabis sativa L. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 49–51.
11. Clarke, R. C. (1998) Hashish!, Red Eye Press, Los Angeles.
12. Pate, D. W. (1994) Chemical ecology of Cannabis. J. Int. Hemp Assoc. 1, 29, 32–37.
13. McPartland, J., Clarke, R. C., and Watson, D. P. (2000) Hemp Diseases and Pests, CAB
International, Wallingford, UK.
14. Briosi, G. and Tognini, F. (1894) Intorno alla anatomia della canapa (Cannabis sativa L.)
parte prima—organi sessual, Atti dell’ Instituto Botanico di Pavia, Serie I, Vol. 3.
15. McPartland, J. and Mediavilla, V. (2002) Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology and
Therapeutic Potential (Grotenhermen, F. and Russo, E., eds.), Haworth Integrative Healing
Press, New York, pp. 401–409.
16. Taura, F., Morimoto, S., Shoyama, Y., and Mechoulam, R. (1995) First direct evidence for the
mechanism of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol acid biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 9766–9767.
17. Taura, F., Morimoto, S., and Shoyama, Y. (1996) Purification and characterization of
cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L. Biochemical analysis of a novel enzyme
that catalyzes the oxidocyclization of cannabigerolic acid to cannabidiolic acid. J.
Biol. Chem. 271, 17411–17416.
18. Flachowsky, H., Schumann, E., Weber, W. E., and Peil, A. (2000) AFLP-marker for male
plants of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Poster presented at the 3rd Bioresource Hemp Symposium,
Wolfsburg, Germany, September 13–16.
19. de Meijer, E. P. M., Bagatta, M., Carboni, A., et al. (2003) The inheritance of chemical
phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. Genetics 163, 335–346.
20. Small, E. and Cronquist, A. (1976) A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon
25, 405–435.
21. Schultes, R. E., Klein, W. M., Plowman, T., and Lockwood, T. E. (1974) Cannabis: an example
of taxonomic neglect. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 23, 337–364.
22. Serebriakova, T. I. (1940) Fiber plants, in Flora of Cultivated Plants. Vol.4, Part1 (Wulff,
E. V., ed.), State Printing Office, Moscow and Leningrad [in Russian].
23. Vavilov, N. and Bukinich, D. D. (1929) Agricultural Afghanistan. Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet.
Plant Breed.Supp. 33, 378–382, 474, 480, 584–585, 604.
24. Hillig, K. W. and Mahlberg, P. G. (2004) Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis
(Cannabaceae). Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 52, 161–180.
25. de Meijer, E. P. M. (1999) Cannabis germplasm resources, in Advances in Hemp Research
(Ranalli, P., ed.), Haworth Press, New York, pp. 133–151.
26. HortaPharm, personal communication (1998) HortaPharm BV develops industrial Cannabis
cultivars and provided the starting materials GW Pharmaceuticals breeding project
in the United Kingdom.
27. Gierenger, D. (1999) Medical Cannabis potency testing. Bull. Multidisc. Assoc. Psychedel.
Stud. 9, 20–22.
28. MacKinnon, L. (2003) Genetic transformation of Cannabis sativa Linn: a multi purpose
fibre crop, doctoral thesis, University of Dundee, Scotland.